Ovarian cancer, which occurs in approximately 1.4% of all women, is more commonly seen in postmenopausal women.

Avoiding carcinogenic substances such as smoking and alcohol plays a major role in prevention of this disease. Since it does not show symptoms in the early stages, the importance of regular gynecological checkups becomes even more apparent.

If detected early, ovarian cancer can be treated with up to a 90% recovery rate. In later stages, this rate can drop to 50%.

What is ovarian cancer?

Ovarian cancer is a health issue caused by the uncontrolled growth and proliferation of epithelial cells, which form the main structure of the ovaries, or cells related to the embryonic period.

Usually occurring after menopause, ovarian cancer typically arises in epithelial tissue. For individuals under the age of 20, 60% of the tumors are of embryonic origin.

What causes ovarian cancer?

Although there are no very specific causes for ovarian cancer, some risk factors may play a decisive role. Environmental influences, genetic factors, and hormonal imbalances can all contribute to the development of the disease. Accordingly:

• Family history of ovarian cancer
• Genetic mutations
• Never having been pregnant are among the risk-increasing factors.

What are the symptoms of ovarian cancer?

Ovarian cancer does not usually show symptoms in its early stages. The observed symptoms are not specific indicators of the disease. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, stomach discomfort, bloating, and menstrual irregularities.

In advanced stages:

• Palpable mass in the abdomen
• Pelvic pressure
• Fluid accumulation in the abdomen
• Abdominal swelling
• Vaginal bleeding
• Pain or heaviness in the groin
• Weight loss
• Changes in bowel movements
• Constipation or difficulty passing stool
• Frequent urination
• Gas or nausea

How is ovarian cancer diagnosed?

Since the symptoms of ovarian cysts are generally not very noticeable, regular gynecological checkups are crucial for early detection. Early intervention increases the chances of successful treatment.

Although this disease is often detected during routine checkups, women may also visit a doctor due to symptoms they observe in themselves. During a gynecological examination, the detection of a palpable mass or a mass seen on ultrasound may lead to an initial diagnosis.

However, it is important to note that not every mass is cancerous. To determine this, tumor markers in the blood are checked, and Doppler ultrasonography may be used to evaluate changes in blood flow. The most definitive diagnosis is made by taking a pathological sample and sending it for biopsy.

How is ovarian cancer treated?

Treatment of ovarian cancer involves surgical procedures followed by chemotherapy. In surgeries for ovarian cancer, not only the ovary or uterus but also all tissues where the tumor may spread are removed.

After surgical treatment, chemotherapy is applied. If removing the tissues poses a risk of damaging vital organs, chemotherapy is administered first to shrink the tumor, followed by surgery. If cancer cells spread after surgery, radiotherapy may also be added to chemotherapy.